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E-waste environmental contamination and harm to public health in China

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 220-228 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0391-1

摘要：

The adverse effects of electronic waste (e-waste) on the human body have stirred up concern in recent years. China is one of the countries that confront serious pollution and human exposure of e-waste, and the majority of the population is exposed to potentially hazardous substances that are derived from informal e-waste recycling processes. This study reviews recent reports on human exposure to e-waste in China, with particular focus on exposure routes (e.g., inhalation and ingestion) and several toxicities of human (e.g., endocrine system, respiratory system, reproductive system, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genetic toxicity). Pieces of evidence that associate e-waste exposure with human health effects in China are assessed. The role of toxic heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and nickel) and organic pollutants (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), bisphenol A (BPA)) on human health is also briefly discussed.

关键词： e-waste heavy metal organic pollutant hazardous toxicity human health China

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中国公共卫生应急指挥体系探析

薛澜,彭宗超,钟开斌,吕孝礼,黄严忠,胡颖廉,孔锋

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 1-8 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.001

摘要：

2003 年抗击严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）之后，我国逐步形成了以“一案三制”为核心的国家应急管理体系。党的十八大以来，随着党和国家更加重视应急管理工作，特别是2018 年应急管理部成立、2020 年新冠肺炎应对取得重大战略成果，我国应急管理事业进入了新的发展阶段。为全面了解我国公共卫生应急指挥体系的演变历程、现状特征和面临的挑战，以期更好完善我国公共卫生应急指挥体系，本文采用文献调研、理论分析和案例对比等多种方法，梳理比较了SARS、甲型H1N1 流感和新型冠状病毒肺炎防控应急指挥体系，总结提出了中国公共卫生应急指挥体系建设的改进对策。结果发现，我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在多次重大突发公共卫生事件的应急实践中发挥了重要作用并不断发展进步，同时我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在领导体制、运行机制等方面也面临着诸多挑战。基于此，本文从完善联防联控机制、加强应急法制建设、强化专家咨询作用、明确央地权责等方面，有针对性地提出了政策建议。

关键词：公共卫生，应急指挥体系，应急体系演变，新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情，联防联控机制

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Connecting Information to Promote Public Health

Xue-mei Su,Jia Zhao

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 384-389 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016054

摘要： With the development of information technology in the past 12 years, China has established the specialized or vertical web-based information systems for data collection of disease and related risk factor. These information systems are described as public health information systems (PHIS) in China. When PHIS has thus evolved in a haphazard and fragmented way under the pressure administrative, economic and legal, local health workers who are overburdened with multiple and time-consuming reporting requirements cannot deliver timely, accurate and complete data. Seeing that the information of disease surveillance is provided by hospitals and health service centers in China and that the development of electronic medical record (EMR) and electronic health record (EHR) occurs under the policy and investment of health since 2009 in China, there should be a connection and data sharing mechanism between EMR (EHR) and PHIS to support public health surveillance and public health decision-making. The paper aims at discussing current status and problems of PHIS in China, making a brief introduction on the blueprint of health information technology in China, exploring solution for interoperability between PHIS and EHR (EMR), and sharing some experiences and lessons from pilot project on automatic notifiable infectious disease reporting.

关键词： public health information system data exchange China

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健康中国战略背景下公共卫生院校教育发展研究

李建涛,张志红,曹利美,魏美琪,聂继盛,何纳,李立明,王彤

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第5期页码 55-63 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.05.002

摘要： August 25, 2023

Corresponding author: Wang Tong is a professor from the School of PublicHealth, Shanxi Medical University.Her major research field is public health education.strong>Funding project: Chinese Academy of Engineering project “Research on China’s Modern PublicHealth System and Capacity Building Strategy”(2022-XBZD-18)

关键词：健康中国；公共卫生；公共卫生院校教育；公共卫生体系；人才培养

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Changes in public trust in physicians: empirical evidence from China

Dahai Zhao, Zhiruo Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 504-510 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0666-4

摘要： Studies examining the trends in public trust in physicians have provided a considerable amount of valuable policy implications for policymakers compared with cross-sectional studies on this topic in many countries. This study investigated changes in public trust in physicians in China based on two cross-sectional national surveys conducted in 2011 and 2016 and identified the determinants of these changes. The results indicated 83.4% of respondents in 2011 reported trust or strong trust in physicians in China, which decreased to 64.2% by 2016. The results of ordinal logistic regression demonstrated that public trust in physicians in China had decreased significantly from 2011 to 2016 ( <0.001) after adjusting for other independent variables. Self-reported health status, self-rated happiness, and self-identified social class were all associated positively with public trust in physicians in China. The results also confirmed that decreasing public satisfaction with the most recent treatment experience was the major determinant of decreasing public trust in physicians in China. The findings of this study suggest that decreasing public trust in physicians deserves considerable attention from national policymakers and that improving satisfaction with treatment experiences would be the most effective strategy for enhancing public trust in physicians in China.

关键词： trust in physicians public trust physician-patient relationship health system performance

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Nucleic acid-based diagnostics for infectious diseases in public health affairs

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 173-186 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0195-5

摘要：

Infectious diseases, mostly caused by bacteria and viruses but also a result of fungal and parasitic infection, have been one of the most important public health concerns throughout human history. The first step in combating these pathogens is to get a timely and accurate diagnosis at an affordable cost. Many kinds of diagnostics have been developed, such as pathogen culture, biochemical tests and serological tests, to help detect and fight against the causative agents of diseases. However, these diagnostic tests are generally unsatisfactory because they are not particularly sensitive and specific and are unable to deliver speedy results. Nucleic acid-based diagnostics, detecting pathogens through the identification of their genomic sequences, have shown promise to overcome the above limitations and become more widely adopted in clinical tests. Here we review some of the most popular nucleic acid-based diagnostics and focus on their adaptability and applicability to routine clinical usage. We also compare and contrast the characteristics of different types of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.

关键词： nucleic acid-based diagnostics infectious disease PCR NASBA LAMP microarray LOAC public health affairs

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弥合临床医学与公共卫生的裂痕强化我国的疾病控制工作

王陇德

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第10期页码 148-152

摘要：

阐述临床医学与公共卫生的割裂给中国疾病预防控制工作带来的严重危害；并说明中国卫生系统近年来在弥合这一裂痕方面所做的巨大努力，例如建立了传染病网络直报系统和“不明原因肺炎”监测报告体系，加强了结核病控制工作中医疗机构与疾控机构的紧密衔接，以及临床医学逐步接纳现代疾病防控理念，为适应患者需求，在控制重大慢性疾病——脑中风中实施的医疗服务模式的重大转变。虽然这些改革措施已经在调整和加强临床与公共卫生两个子系统的联系与合作中发挥了作用，提高了疾病控制体系的整体效能，但是这些进展仅仅是初步的。卫生系统还需要在制定和实施“医疗机构公共卫生工作规范”等方面做出更多的努力，以推动疾病控制效能的进一步提高。

关键词：临床医学公共卫生裂痕疾病控制

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我国突发公共卫生事件科技应急支撑体系建设

李明穗,王卓然,武乐,蒋慧莉,杨俊涛,刘德培

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第6期页码 139-146 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.013

摘要：

科技应急支撑体系在我国历次突发公共卫生事件中发挥了重大作用。本文围绕我国突发公共卫生事件科技应急支撑体系建设，从科研基地平台布局、大数据技术应用、公共卫生科技投入、科研成果转化等方面开展发展现状的系统梳理。通过与医学科技前沿的发达国家比较，深入分析我国科技应急支撑体系建设面临的问题。针对基础研究薄弱、关键核心技术缺乏等问题，建议强化高校、医疗机构和科技企业的协同作用，提升我国基础医学研究能力、原创性医药产品和诊断试剂的研发能力。针对我国基地平台设施不足问题，建议强化国家生物资源样本中心建设，建立具有自我支撑能力的数据信息共享平台。针对公共卫生科技投入不足、人才体系不完善等问题，建议发挥国家医学科学院的引领作用，提升公共卫生领域的投入水平，完善人才评价、储备、培养机制。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件，卫生健康，科技支撑

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Temporal variation of PM-associated health effects in Shijiazhuang, Hebei

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第5期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1376-0

摘要：

•Annual mean PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang were 87, 95, and 82 µg/m³ in 2015–2017.

关键词： PM_2.5 Health effects Integrated exposure-response model Shijiazhuang

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大健康背景下我国公共卫生人才培养的政策研究

段志光,王彤,李晓松,胡永华,梁晓峰,曾诚,任涛,罗会,张文平,徐建国

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 61-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.002

摘要：

在全球卫生状况不断变化、“健康中国”上升为国家战略的背景下，我国现有公共卫生人才培养在投入、过程和产出阶段均存在不足。本项目从国际视野与国内需求出发，分析研究我国公共卫生人才培养和教育发展的现状及问题，提出构建以院校教育—毕业后教育—继续教育为脉络的具有中国特色的大健康公共卫生人才培养体系，规范本科教育，优化研究生教育，加强继续教育，建立健全公共卫生人才培养的院校准入、专业准入、职业准入标准，切实落实政府在公共卫生教育改革中的完全责任等政策建议。

关键词：大健康公共卫生预防医学人才培养体系

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突发公共卫生事件智慧应急发展探讨

姚建义,金雅玲,汤晓勇,吴家兵,侯赛,刘晓青,张天琛,宋铁,肖建鹏,刘剑君

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 34-40 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.005

摘要：

构建信息化、数字化、智能化的智慧应急新模式，旨在解决目前我国突发公共卫生事件应对过程中快速响应机制、多部门统一协调协作、信息交互流程等方面存在的薄弱环节以及应急管理效率低下等问题，全面提升公共安全领域应对与处置能力。本文采用描述性研究法，较为全面地分析了国外公共卫生应急体系建设与智慧应急发展现状，准确梳理了我国卫生应急管理的需求、现状和存在问题；提出了我国公共卫生智慧应急体系的中长期发展目标、重大任务、实现技术途径。研究建议，规划实施卫生应急国家生物综合监测预警建设重大工程，制定和修订新型智慧化卫生应急相关的法律法规，保持应急管理机制的数据融通和可持续发展，促进智慧化卫生应急产业发展，推动行业人才队伍“医防融合”，高水平建设我国预防型公共卫生应急体系网络。

关键词：智慧应急监测预警应急作业医防融合

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COVID-19 containment: China provides important lessons for global response

Shuxian Zhang, Zezhou Wang, Ruijie Chang, Huwen Wang, Chen Xu, Xiaoyue Yu, Lhakpa Tsamlag, Yinqiao Dong, Hui Wang, Yong Cai

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 215-219 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0766-9

摘要： The world must act fast to contain wider international spread of the epidemic of COVID-19 now. The unprecedented public health efforts in China have contained the spread of this new virus. Measures taken in China are currently proven to reduce human-to-human transmission successfully. We summarized the effective intervention and prevention measures in the fields of public health response, clinical management, and research development in China, which may provide vital lessons for the global response. It is really important to take collaborative actions now to save more lives from the pandemic of COVID-19.

关键词： coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control measure public health response

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“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系建设研究

蔡健平,王晶

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第6期页码 107-115 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.07.005

摘要：

构建“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系，是提高突发公共卫生事件医疗物资保障能力、完善突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系建设的重要方面。本文总结了我国突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系的发展现状，从制度建设、保障能力、协调机制3个层面剖析了我国医疗物资储备体系存在的问题；阐述了构建“平疫结合”的医疗物资储备体系的必要性与紧迫性，从基本内涵、基本框架、运行机制3个方面提出了“平疫结合”的医疗物资储备体系构建方案。研究建议，完善医疗物资储备制度，优化医疗物资储备体系，健全医疗物资储备体系运行机制，建立医疗物资储备信息共享平台，尽快形成“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系平疫结合基本框架运行机制

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我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系建设研究

杨丽君,郑静晨,黄钢,李明,费波,张世翔,南杰

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 9-17 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.002

摘要：

文章阐述了应急救援体系建设在突发公共卫生事件处置中的重要作用，从应急救援处置能力建设的角度，总结了此次抗击新冠肺炎疫情的特点，对抗击疫情的应急救援相关经验教训进行了总结与反思。本文研究内容对完善国家相关政策、制度，筑牢人民群众的生命健康防护网，保持国家安全发展的良好环境等方面具有重要意义。本文梳理了我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系构建的三个阶段的主要内容及特征，从机制、资源力量、整体水平三个方面分析了我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援工作存在的问题。在优化应急处置模式、科学布局与功能提升、专业人才队伍建设、应急物资保障、重视基层能力建设、多学科融合、“科研– 疾控– 临床”的协同、健全战时动员机制、加强国际合作、制定行动纲要等方面提出了针对我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系发展建设的战略建议。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系建设